英语时态
一般现在时
表示经常性、习惯性的动作或状态，以及客观真理。
| 结构 |
例句 |
| 主语 + 动词原形/动词第三人称单数 |
I play football every day. |
She works in a hospital.
The earth goes around the sun.
注意：第三人称单数要加-s/-es
一般过去时
表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
| 结构 |
例句 |
| 主语 + 动词过去式 |
He visited Paris last year. |
They lived here five years ago.
规则动词过去式加-ed，不规则动词需要记忆
一般将来时
表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。
| 结构 |
例句 |
| 主语 + will + 动词原形 |
We will go to Beijing tomorrow. |
| 主语 + be going to + 动词原形 |
She is going to study English. |
| 主语 + be + to + 动词原形 |
The meeting is to begin at 9:00. |
现在进行时
表示现在正在进行的动作或现阶段持续的动作。
| 结构 |
例句 |
| 主语 + am/is/are + 动词-ing |
They are watching TV now. |
I am learning English this term.
有些表示状态的动词不能用于进行时，如：know, like, believe
过去进行时
表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。
| 结构 |
例句 |
| 主语 + was/were + 动词-ing |
She was cooking when I arrived. |
We were watching TV at 8:00 last night.
现在完成时
表示过去发生并持续到现在的动作或状态，或过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响。
| 结构 |
例句 |
| 主语 + have/has + 动词过去分词 |
I have lived here for 10 years. |
He has already finished his homework.
常与already, yet, ever, never, just, since, for等词连用
过去完成时
表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作。
| 结构 |
例句 |
| 主语 + had + 动词过去分词 |
By the end of last year, we had learned 2000 words. |
He had left when I arrived.
将来完成时
表示将来某个时间之前将完成的动作。
| 结构 |
例句 |
| 主语 + will have + 动词过去分词 |
By next year, I will have graduated from university. |
现在完成进行时
表示从过去开始一直持续到现在并可能继续下去的动作。
| 结构 |
例句 |
| 主语 + have/has been + 动词-ing |
I have been studying English for 5 years. |
It has been raining since morning.
英语句型
简单句
由一个主语和一个谓语组成的句子。
The sun rises in the east.
复合句
由一个主句和一个或多个从句组成的句子。
I will go to the park if it doesn't rain.
并列句
由两个或多个简单句通过并列连词连接而成。
She is beautiful and kind.
疑问句
- 一般疑问句：Is he a student?
- 特殊疑问句：What is your name?
- 选择疑问句：Do you like coffee or tea?
- 反意疑问句：You are a student, aren't you?
祈使句
表示命令、请求、建议等的句子。
Open the door, please.
感叹句
表示强烈感情的句子。
- What + (a/an) + 形容词 + 名词 + (主语 + 谓语)!
- How + 形容词/副词 + (主语 + 谓语)!
What a beautiful day it is!
How fast he runs!
名词
可数名词
可以计数的名词，有单数和复数形式。
- 规则变化：book → books, box → boxes
- 不规则变化：child → children, man → men
不可数名词
不能直接计数的名词，没有复数形式。
- 物质名词：water, air, rice
- 抽象名词：love, happiness, knowledge
名词所有格
- 单数名词：Tom's book
- 复数名词：students' classroom
动词
及物动词
后面必须跟宾语的动词。
She eats an apple every day.
不及物动词
后面不需要跟宾语的动词。
The sun rises.
系动词
连接主语和表语的动词。
- be动词：am, is, are, was, were
- 感官动词：look, sound, smell, taste, feel
- 变化动词：become, get, turn, grow
形容词
基本用法
形容词用于描述名词或代词的性质、状态等特征。
- 作定语：a beautiful flower
- 作表语：The flower is beautiful
- 作补语：Make the room clean
形容词的位置
- 一般放在名词前面：a tall building
- 不定代词后：something interesting
- enough修饰名词时放在前面：enough time
常用形容词列表
| 形容词 |
意思 |
例句 |
| happy |
快乐的 |
She looks very happy |
| beautiful |
美丽的 |
What a beautiful girl! |
| interesting |
有趣的 |
This book is very interesting |
| difficult |
困难的 |
English is not difficult to learn |
| important |
重要的 |
It's important to study hard |
副词
基本用法
副词用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子。
- 修饰动词：He runs fast
- 修饰形容词：She is very beautiful
- 修饰副词：He speaks very clearly
副词的位置
- 一般放在动词后面：She sings well
- 频度副词放在be动词后，行为动词前：He is always late
- 地点副词放在句末：They live here
常用副词
| 副词类型 |
示例 |
例句 |
| 频度副词 |
always, usually, often |
I usually go to school by bike |
| 方式副词 |
quickly, slowly, carefully |
She walks slowly |
| 程度副词 |
very, quite, too |
The book is very interesting |
介词
时间介词
- at + 具体时间点：at 8:00
- in + 较长时间段：in 2023, in May
- on + 具体日期：on Monday, on May 1st
- by + 截止时间：by Friday
地点介词
- in + 大地点：in China, in the room
- on + 表面：on the table, on the wall
- at + 小地点：at the station, at school
- under/below：在...下面
- above/over：在...上面
方向介词
- to：到...去
- from：从...来
- into：进入
- out of：从...出来
连词
并列连词
- and：和
- but：但是
- or：或者
- so：所以
- for：因为
从属连词
- that：引导宾语从句等
- if/whether：是否
- when/while/as：当...时
- because：因为
- so that：以便
- although/though：虽然
例句
I like tea and coffee.
She is tired but happy.
I don't know if he will come.
代词
人称代词
| 主格 |
宾格 |
形容词性物主代词 |
名词性物主代词 |
| I |
me |
my |
mine |
| you |
you |
your |
yours |
| he/she/it |
him/her/it |
his/her/its |
his/hers/its |
| we |
us |
our |
ours |
| they |
them |
their |
theirs |
反身代词
- myself：我自己
- yourself：你自己
- himself/herself/itself：他/她/它自己
- ourselves：我们自己
- yourselves：你们自己
- themselves：他们自己
指示代词
- this/these：这/这些
- that/those：那/那些
冠词
定冠词 the
表示特指的人或物。
- 特指某人或某物：The book on the desk is mine.
- 指世界上独一无二的事物：the sun, the moon, the earth
- 用在序数词前：the first day, the second floor
- 用在形容词最高级前：the tallest building
不定冠词 a/an
表示泛指的人或物。
- a用于辅音音素开头的单词前：a book, a pen
- an用于元音音素开头的单词前：an apple, an hour
- 表示类别：A dog is a pet animal.
零冠词
- 表示类指的复数名词：Dogs are friendly.
- 不可数名词：Water is important.
- 三餐名称：We have breakfast at 7:00.
- 学科名称：I study English.
比较结构
原级比较
- as + 形容词/副词原级 + as：She is as beautiful as her sister.
- not as/so + 形容词/副词原级 + as：This book is not as interesting as that one.
比较级
- 形容词/副词比较级 + than：He is taller than me.
- 比较级规则变化：tall → taller, happy → happier
- 不规则变化：good → better, bad → worse, far → farther/further
最高级
- the + 形容词/副词最高级 + 范围：She is the most beautiful girl in our class.
- 最高级规则变化：tall → tallest, happy → happiest
比较级特殊表达
- the + 比较级, the + 比较级：The more, the better.
- 比较级 + and + 比较级：It's getting colder and colder.
被动语态
基本结构
be + 动词的过去分词
各种时态的被动语态
| 时态 |
结构 |
例句 |
| 一般现在时 |
is/am/are + 过去分词 |
English is spoken all over the world. |
| 一般过去时 |
was/were + 过去分词 |
The book was written by him. |
| 一般将来时 |
will be + 过去分词 |
The project will be finished next month. |
| 现在进行时 |
am/is/are + being + 过去分词 |
The house is being built now. |
| 现在完成时 |
have/has + been + 过去分词 |
The work has been completed. |
被动语态的用法
- 不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者
- 强调动作的承受者
- 出于礼貌或措辞需要